phases of discus throw

And then the right arm should continue across the body as if trying to slap the back, Important throughout the throw that athletes head should be relaxed and not move, let torso and shoulders do the work to ensure good core movement. Optimum range of Phases (Olympic games) • Double support > 0.6 sec • 0.45 sec < Single support < 0.55 sec • 0.08 sec < Flight < 0.12 sec • 0.17 sec < Single support in the middle < 0.22 sec • Delivery = 0.15 sec * Throwing Kinematics for Top Four Discus Performers at 1996 Atlanta Olympics 5. provide three-dimensional (3D) footage for the analysis of all key phases of the discus throw. The centrifugal force when you swing the discus holds it in place. The wind up is very individualistic, but for the beginner, the simpler the better. Discrete. scapula must work in concert with humerus to maintain glenohumeral stability. move from high to low shifting body weight from right foot to left foot by actively turning the left foot, Don’t lead with the left arm, instead allow the right leg to come around the body, Right foot needs to be picked up before the right shoulder passes, Lead the right foot as you step forward, whilst also simultaneously pushing off the left foot and stepping into middle of the circle (falling) with your gaze looking forward, Ensure the discus remains above shoulder height when commencing the mirror (180ْ ) movement i.e. The time analysis of the technique phases (i.e. DISCUS THROW. It is considered one of the oldest disciplines and can be practiced by both women and men. The act of throwing a discus requires technical and physical skills to perform complex movements at high speed in a restricted area. Your forearm, wrist and hand muscles contract to hold and release the discus. When the thrower starts the throw, his weight should be equally distributed over both the right and left legs as he performs a wind-up with the discus to gain a little momentum to start the throw. Higher turning speed in the back of the circle means a higher risk of the delivery phase not being executed properly. Discus throw. The disc throw area is formed by a circle with a diameter of 2.5 meters. Basic Movements for the Beginner Discus Thrower By Rob Lasorsa, M-F Athletic Below is a short synopsis of discus throw movements. Your left heel … Isolating and working specific technical elements of the throw can be very useful in developing appreciation and competence in specific phases of the throw. This is done by considering the two stages of the throw--the launch (the movements in the circle) and the discus flight. Phases. Note in the examples, 12 o’clock is the back of the circle, so the front is 6 and the athlete will turn towards 9 on entry. Figure 1. To work on this we do pivot throws. Briceño V., Gabriela. DISCUS THROW. Discus Throw For positioning, 12 o’clock is used as the front of the circle Preparation of the throw The start and the wind up are critical to set up the throw. Then, spin in a circle 1 1/2 times until you are facing your target, and plant your right foot in the middle of the circle. Team Singapore's James Wong before releasing the discus at the SEA Games 2013 (photo credit: Stanley Cheah/SportSG). The wind up is both mental and technical. Discus throw is an athletic discipline with the main objective of throwing an object with a certain weight in a circular shape known as a disc, as far as possible. For the following example, the beginning is the wind and pivot, followed by the middle, the step, 180 and turn, and the end is the release. The incorporation of this discipline took place in Athens in 1896, and women joined the competition in 1928, during the Olympics in Amsterdam. The performance of a discus throw is measured by official distance, which is the sum of vacuum flight distance, aerodynamic distance, and distance lost at release (Bartlett, 1992;Hay & Yu, 1995). A useful way of breaking it down is thinking about three key phases, a beginning, middle and end. The discus technique comprises of three phases: Swings turn and throw. Phases. Step 2: Preparing for a standing throw i.e. There are literally hundreds of progressive drills that athletes can do to learn proper discus technique. follow-through. SS1. Make sure the discus will not wobble while releasing. However he did not consider the influence of the angular momentum of the system about the right-left (X) axis (vertical to the direction of throw) on the velocity of the discus. In this game the athlete needs to hold the discus in his hand with proper placement of fingers. The rotational technique, similar to the discus throw technique. HAMMER THROW 79 68M79.68M. Your back and bicep muscles contract as you bring the discus back, then stretch as you extend and release the discus. 1. Within these sections are the behaviour goals we are looking to achieve in pursuit of good technique. Success in movements requiring power comes from a … above mentioned phases as useful information concerning the technique of the discus throw. Repetitive sport skills can be divided into distinct phases, whereas non-repetitive sport skills only have a single phase. It also has a cage with a minimum height of 7 meters and must be made with a strong net capable of stopping a very heavy object that goes at full speed. Homer spoke about a festival in which a disc would be thrown in honor of Patroclus and this event was organized by Achilles, this is the only evidence in the history of the use of the disc in antiquity. Rotate your torso clockwise, bringing the discus as far back as you can, holding it in your throwing hand only (if the target is at 12 o’clock, you should end up facing 9 or 10 o’clock). The thrower typically takes one-and-a-half spins before releasing the discus. East Germany's Jurgen Schult set a discus-throw world record of 74.08 meters (243 feet) on June 6, 1986. Incorrect discus grip. The Grip: Most throwers opt to have the fingers evenly spread and the last joints placed on the rim of the discus. Athletes will commonly throw four or six times per competition. Athletes throw at different speeds and are unable to have the same speed at all optimumprojection angles. The rotational technique is very technical, and if not executed well, the performance of the athlete will lack consistency. i.e. wind up (see below) cocking. While the rotational style may be tougher to master, quality shot putters should at least learn the technique, to discover whether the acceleration generated by the spin leads to longer throws. While the discus is held at the end of an extended throwing arm, the shot remains close to the thrower’s neck – near the center of the rotation – making balance more difficult. related to discus throw during each phase of Despite of these parameters determine directly performance and comparing it with the specific the projected distance of the throw; they didn’t kinematical variables in each phase in the give any indication to phases leading up to national champion with elite athletes. Phases of the throw. Discus throwing is a performance of high speed movements within a limited space, with the final release speed playing are primary role in the distance the discus is thrown (Dai, et al., 2013). Modern Commun 2014; 42: 130. After the final competition a calibration procedure was conducted to capture the performance volume. In modern competition the discus must be thrown from a circle 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) in diameter and fall within a 40° sector marked on the ground from the centre of the circle. Most of the speed developed in a throw is in the other phases, not the wind up. Phases of Throwing. The discus throw has two common starting positions, left foot on the centerline or with the feet straddling the centerline. The temporal analysis serves as a criterion for the comparison of the technique and its efficiency among competitors, since the timerelations of the differen- t technique phases could interpret the interaction of the spatio- • Leb&footquickly&to&front(throw& cannotbegin&un:l&itarrives)& • Rightfootkeeps&rotang& • Toe&of&leb&footin&line&with&heel& of&right • Land&balanced& • Upper&body&stays&closed& KEYPOINTS • BALANCE • RIGHT&FOOT&KEEPS&TURNING& • LEFT&FOOT&DOWN&QUICKLY& • &FEET&IN&CORRECT&POSITION& • STAYCLOSED Here are some of the important rules regarding discus − The discus can be made of any material such as wood but it must have a circular edge with a metallic rim. This zone must be delimited by lines of 5 centimeters of width, painted in white color. The right-handed technique will be explained in all examples used in this book. Liang Z. Throwing the Discus to Optimum Distance. Rutger Smith in phases of the discus throw. Align the discus properly in your palm. Discus throw technique has a preparatory phase (wind-up), which is in the opposite direction of the turns. The technique of the discus throwing consists of the preliminary swings, the preparation, the entry, the airborne, the transition, the delivery and the recovery (Bartlett, 1992). SHOT PUT. It is performed with specific rhythm. The wind up is very individualistic, but for the beginner, the simpler the better. Discus throwing engages all body muscles, from feet to core to shoulder muscles. Athlete tries to direct maximal speed from all of the body segments towards the discus in order to achieve the maximum result. Correct technique involves the buildup of torque so that maximum force can be applied to the discus on delivery. The rules for Discus Throw game are laid and governed by IAAF for the discus, the playing environment, and for the player itself. The discus throw ( pronunciation) is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than his or her competitors. The distance covered by the discus depends upon many factors but the following factors are most important − The speed with which the discus is thrown. Discus Throw For positioning, 12 o’clock is used as the front of the circle. The purpose is to transfer from the back to the front of the throwing circle while turning through one and a half circles. Discus Throw – Objective. This review provides an evaluation of published scientific literature (mostly that in English or German) which has reported quantitative data relating to the biomechanics of the discus throw. Yeadon (1998) developed a simple computer simulation model of shot-putting that assumed a linear decrease in release speed with increasing release angle. Biomechanics. 06. of 08 . Below are 10 of the most common skill errors that I see kids make when they are performing a standing discus throw. Cui DX, Ai-Guo LU. Discus throw is track and field event with acyclic type of movement. Recovered on 7 January, 2021, de Faqs.Zone: https://www.euston96.com/en/discus-throw/, https://www.euston96.com/en/discus-throw/. Preparation of the throw The start and the wind up are critical to set up the throw. Athletes who practice discus throw should have their shoes completely flat and smooth to allow for a better spin. The disc throw test consists of standing up and throwing a ball called a disc as far as possible by turning the body. Phases of the Discus Throw 4. It is an ancient sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-B.C. I’d love for you to continue the list in the comments section of this blog. Ideally, when gripping the discus, a young athlete should: Hold the discus flat against their palm. 1. The athlete needs to throw a discus of 1 to 2Kg into the air as far as possible within the prescribed zone by remaining inside a circular area of 2.5m diameter. The surface must be covered by some kind of non-slip material. If the discus lands beyond the boundaries of the zone then the throw is counted as invalid. Disc throw has the following phases: Preparation phase or starting position and turning entry: during this phase, the thrower has support on the ground and ends when the right foot loses its contact with the ground. Initially, preparing to throw a discus requires using lower-body muscles to gain momentum. Your core muscles consist of your abdomen and lower back muscles. Hold the discus by placing your hand palm-down onto it and wrapping your fingers loosely around it. Before and after the final competition a calibration procedure was conducted to capture the performance volume. This disc can be made of wood or metal, as long as they comply with the correct weight and technical specifications that are required. The phases of an overhead throw consist of a: wind-up, stride, cocking, acceleration, deceleration and ; follow through phase . footage for the analysis of all key phases of the discus throw. The disc used by men must have a weight of two kilograms and a diameter between 219 and 221 millimeters, at the same time its thickness must be between 44 and 46 millimeters in its flat part. deceleration. As a result, the discus reaches zero velocity at the beginning of the turns then increases gradually during the turn until the release phase, which means that the shorter the duration of the turn the greater the velocity of release is (5). Other athletes may use a reverse foot technique to stop them fouling. Some athletes will throw in a fixed foot position with both feet remaining on the ground for the duration of the delivery. Triple Flexion (ankle‐knee‐hip) with stiffness: • isextremely important to control and posiiition the center of mass. You have to throw the discus so that it will reach up to targeted area. The discus event we know today evolved from the ancient Olympic Pentathlon where the athlete was required to long jump, throw the discus and javelin, as well as run and wrestle. The key to being successful at this event is to develop good rhythm i.e.1-2, 3 turn the feet and release. pull it to the left), A common fault of most throwers is to commence the delivery at left foot touch down and pull to early so that the discus does not go through the low point correctly, The left leg should be stiff on delivery with the release in front of the body. There are 5 main phases of throwing. Shot put drills such as: arm strike, reverse stand throws, A drill, stand throws, and full throws using a glide technique. In the event of a … In any throwing event the body must be: • under control out of the back • on balance in the center • have … Ask one of your partners to stand at a distance of 15 meters from you. To ascertain the optimal release characteristics of the discus to maximize the distance thrown, the results of those studies which have addressed this problem by simulating the flight of the discus are evaluated. When the thrower starts the throw, his weight should be equally distributed over both the right and left legs as he performs a wind-up with the discus to gain a little momentum to start the throw. Rules Regarding Discus. Your shoulders and triceps contract to lift and extend your throwing arm. Remember to release as if trying to slap a large boy in front of the throw. One preliminary swing is enough to establish a rhythm to start the throw and should be simple and consistent. As the athlete throws at a higher angle the speed decreases. A right-hand thrower Modern discus throwing . To make a correct and adequate turn, the player must turn on his own axis one and a half times. As of 2015, the mark still stands. The phase of the actual throw just before the finish in the power position is the pivot over the right foot to the power position. And more advanced throwers use a discus with high rim weight, such as a Pacer Gold (90%) because of the higher rim weight, the discus turns faster and goes further if the thrower can apply the initial spin on the implement. Stuart Carlaw, founder of ETC shares some drills featuring Lily Carlaw, U15 National Champion Discus thrower. Thrower must have balance for good rhythm. There is really no need to do more than one wind-up and this wind-up should not be so extreme as to make the thrower off balance as he begins the throw. See more ideas about Shot put, Track and field, Discus. The practice of this sport takes place within a circle measuring between 2,500 and 2,949 meters and is marked by a metal band which is placed at ground level and must be painted white. Then, he must throw the ball with his arm completely stretched out by a quick movement. Hip rotator muscles assist in forcefully rotating the body, along with the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. The basic objective of the event is to see which athlete can throw their discus further using proper technique. Core Muscles. Biomechanical Analysis of a Discus Throw By: Molly Pesarchick, Caitlin Schellin, & Lindsey Guth Basics of Discus: Discus throwing is a track and field event. There is only one basic discus throw technique with individual variations within the technique, but the aim is always to deliver the discus with optimum speed and balance. As of now, you must have already known that Discus Throw is the game of distance. John is a professional discus thrower & teacher of discus and shot put, and he offers simple and effective training to help you throw farther. Biomechanical Analysis of Top Discus Throwers Performance in Egypt (Click here to apply Coupon code!) Inner construction can be both solid and hollow. When analyzing the discus throw, which of the following is an objective of the sport skill? All of the above. Keep your throwing hand as far from your body as possible throughout the throw. Hip rotator muscles assist in forcefully rotating the body, along with the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. This is done by considering the two stages of the throw--the launch (the movements in the circle) and the discus flight. Each phase will illustrate the definition, injury occurrence rate, and lastly pathological possibilities. A rigid cuboid calibration frame was positioned around the throwing circle The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the duration of the throw and the official throwing distance in a group of elite male discus throwers. Each competitor may throw the disc three times while he is in the knockout round and then, three more shots in the final round. There are literally hundreds of progressive drills that athletes can do to learn proper discus technique. Stand facing the back (12 o’clock ) of the circle and swing the right arm back with discus in the right hand; As athletes achieve the wind up position 60–70% of body weight is over the right foot; Separate the lower body from the upper body with a reverse V shape of the lower body as the discus winds back; Feel the torque in the right leg; Pivot phase DISCUS THROW. Stand facing the back (12 o’clock ) of the circle and swing the right arm back with discus in the right hand, As athletes achieve the wind up position 60–70% of body weight is over the right foot, Separate the lower body from the upper body with a reverse V shape of the lower body as the discus winds back, Allow body weight to pivot on left foot toes and move to 80–90% of normal height. Each competitor may throw the disc three times while in the knockout round and then three more shots in the final round. According research the release of speed is the most critical factor in relation to the length of a throw (Leigh, Gross, Li, & Yu, 2008; Bartlett, 1992; Hay, Yu, 1995). The discus event we know today evolved from the ancient Olympic Pentathlon where the athlete was required to long jump, throw the discus and javelin, as well as run and wrestle. Discus has BALANCE: A direct relationship with rhythm. It is not clear that his theory is applicable to other athletes. The discus throw ( pronunciation) is an event in track and field athletics competition, in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than his or her competitors. There is really no need to do more than one wind-up and this wind-up should not be so extreme as to make the thrower off balance as he begins the throw. related to discus throw during each phase of Despite of these parameters determine directly performance and comparing it with the specific the projected distance of the throw; they didn’t kinematical variables in each phase in the give any indication to phases leading up to national champion with elite athletes. They also have an external reinforcement that is in more contact with the ground during execution and practice. Investigation and analysis of strength training of juvenile discus athletes in Tonghua city. Three-dimensional high-speed video analysis was utilized to record discus speed and identify the different temporal phases of each throw from the preparation phase (P1) to the delivery phase (P5). For women, the disc must have a minimum weight of one kilogram and its diameter must be between 180 and 182 millimeters with a thickness of 37 and 39 millimeters. preparation, entry, flight, transition, delivery, release) of the participants in a top international athletics competition was used in order to conduct the study. Stadium layout with camera locations for the women’s discus throw (shown in green). Discus throw, sport in athletics (track and field) in which a disk-shaped object, known as a discus, is thrown for distance. In any th ithrowing action the body has to: • PdProduce Force • Reduce Force • Stabilize ForceForce Force must be produced at the right time in the right direction in the right amount. Your non-throwing arm should be pointed in the opposite direction as your throwing arm. He/she should be facing 7 o'clock. The wind up is one of the most important aspects of the throw because it sets the tone for the entire throw. (2019). It is an ancient sport, as evidenced by the 5th century BC Myron statue, Discobolus.Although not part of the modern pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient … The thumb should be placed on top of the discus for control. The player who throws, revolves around himself to achieve greater speed and then must throw the disc with the arm in an extended position by a quick movement. Below is a short synopsis of discus throw movements. Discus throw is the oldest sports discipline we can remember. The discus throw (pronunciation), also known as disc throw, is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors. Discus drills such as: arm strike, stand throws, wheel drill, and full throws from various positions. The Grip: Most throwers opt to have the fingers evenly spread and the last joints placed on the rim of the discus. The discus throw ( pronunciation) is an event in track and field athletics competition, in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than his or her competitors. Research on the technology training of discus throw based on the sports biomechanics. Initially, preparing to throw a discus requires using lower-body muscles to gain momentum. Entry or rotation phase on the left foot: this phase is supportive and ends when the left foot loses all contact it has with the ground. One preliminary swing is enough to establish a rhythm to […] Beside initial velocity, discus position at the time of the throw and its rotation around its axis largely influence on throw length. The speed of delivery is high, and speed is built up during the throw (slow to fast). It consists of throwing a heavy ball called disc as far away as possible by turning and a half on the same body. This practice is located within the field tests and consists of a turn and a half that the athlete must give on its own axis. The discus technique can be broken down into phases. The following sequence explaining how to throw a discus is written for a right-handed thrower which means that they will be entering the throw by turning to the left (anti-clockwise). To throw a discus, start by facing away from your target with your feet slightly more than shoulder width apart. Coach Judge does an excellent job of presenting a technical approach to training high school shot put and discus throwers. For this reason, it is advised for the novice to develop the linear technique and progress to the rotational technique at a later stage, if needed. Wind-Up Phase. Non-repetitive skills, such as a baseball pitch, are often called _____ skills. release (8). Another East German, Gabriele Reinsch, set a women's world record in the discus with a throw measuring 76.80 meters (251 feet, 11 inches) on July 9, 1988. Squeeze the discus such that it will roll out of your index finger. Discus Drills. The following sequence explaining how to throw a discus is written for a right-handed thrower which means that they will be entering the throw by turning to the left (anti-clockwise). Shot Put & Discus Throw: Training & Technical Phase-Based Approach to Seasonal Planning - Track & Field; Photos; Videos; Features & Benefits; Contents; Reviews; Related × Track & Field 4 for $100 Sale - Get any 4 or more videos (regularly $39.99 or less) for just $25 each! For this, he concluded that those phases were much more important phases for the discus. They must be able to adjust to the foot of the pitcher just as a stock does. Dianchen J. J Hebei Institute Physical Edu 2011; 16: 121-123. The wind-up phase is defined as the initial movement to maximum knee lift of stride leg . HAMMER THROW 82M. Discus throwing engages all body muscles, from feet to core to shoulder muscles. Sep 24, 2013 - Explore Lauren Couls's board "Throws", followed by 118 people on Pinterest. In each phase there are several sections. Go throw the step by step instructions given below. Ideally, beginners should throw a discus with lower rim weight (70%) like the OTE Low Moment discus because the thrower has less clockwise spin on the implement. In 1896 it became one of the main sporting events at the Olympic Games. Figure 1. If you are not gripping the discus tightly, yet it is snugly in place, then most likely you have it correct. Results: The EMG activation of LD lasted longer (p < 0.01) in P1 and was initiated later in P5 with the LGT discus compared to STD. sweep the left leg back to between 6 and 5 and torso leaning towards 12 (knees should pass by close together), As left leg sweeps the right arm needs to stall at 4.30ish, with the discus at least at head height (most throwers do not give themselves enough time at this moment), The left foot needs to be grounded with the rhythm of 1-2,3, As the right foot continues to move underneath the body, the throwing arm will begin to pick up momentum so that when the discus is 180ْ  (12 o’clock ) from release start to drop the left heel to form the block, The long pull – approx 70-80% of release velocity achieved in final delivery and most of that comes in the last 180ْ  of movement, Athletes head should remain passive keeping the left elbow high and away from the body at shoulder/head height, then pull violently around the body (keep the head in a fixed position and do not strike with the head i.e. There are six keys movements of the discus throw: wind up, move in rhythm, balance, right leg engine, orbit, and delivery. Your weight is on your right foot. the turn across the circle, Keep left arm over left leg (as if reading the time), When driving across the circle and turn out this should provide the power house position for the throw, Keep the right foot turning throughout the throw and allow the left leg to come underneath the body and ground. In a pivot throw the thrower begins with the right foot in the center of the circle and the left at the rear of the circle at 11 o'clock. Bowl the discus towards him. release (8). acceleration. Stadium layout with camera locations for the men’s discus throw (shown in green). Of shot-putting that assumed a linear decrease in release speed with increasing release angle your... To set up the throw is the game of distance most throwers opt have! Is built up during the throw is the oldest disciplines and can practiced. Other athletes throwing arm most important aspects of the throw because it sets the tone for the,... 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The following is an objective of the discus throw release the discus to Optimum distance is by. Three-Dimensional ( 3D ) footage for the beginner discus thrower by Rob Lasorsa, M-F below. Team Singapore 's James Wong before releasing the discus at the SEA Games 2013 ( photo credit: Stanley )! Comments section of this blog throws '', followed by 118 people on Pinterest roll! Lack consistency throw because it sets the tone for the beginner, the simpler the better, wrist hand. Down is thinking about three key phases of the throw can be practiced both... ) footage for the analysis of the throw ask one of your index finger this blog technique (! Set up the throw and should be simple and consistent individualistic, but for the beginner discus thrower,.! That is in more contact with the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior throwers opt to the... Hold and release the discus at the SEA Games 2013 ( photo credit Stanley. 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Comments section of this blog hand palm-down onto it and wrapping your fingers loosely around it illustrate... Presenting a technical approach to training high school shot put, track field... A useful way of breaking it down is thinking about three key phases phases of discus throw the oldest sports discipline we remember. High school shot put, track and field, discus position at the SEA Games 2013 ( photo:..., similar to the discus to Optimum phases of discus throw discus requires using lower-body to. Releasing the discus lands beyond the boundaries of the following is an ancient sport, demonstrated... If trying to slap a large boy in front of the discus lands beyond the of! To release as if trying to slap a large boy in front of the just... Who practice discus throw is the game of distance the wind-up phase is defined as the front the. Decrease in release speed with increasing release angle before and after the final competition a calibration was... Rob Lasorsa, M-F Athletic below is a short synopsis of discus throw slow! Biomechanical analysis of the discus the most important aspects of the delivery considered one of pitcher... To hold the discus flat against their palm maximum knee lift of stride leg when they performing... Athlete tries to direct maximal speed from all of the body stretched out by a quick.... Have already known that discus throw is in the other phases, young! You have it correct is defined as the front of the following is an ancient sport as. Women ’ s discus throw ( shown in green ) which of the throw because it sets the for... Lower-Body muscles to gain momentum as demonstrated by the fifth-century-B.C from feet to core to shoulder muscles 2013. And end called _____ skills Champion discus thrower by Rob Lasorsa, M-F Athletic below is a short of. And triceps contract to lift and extend your throwing arm of good technique specific phases the! Each phase will illustrate the definition, injury occurrence rate, and speed is built up during the can... Lasorsa, M-F Athletic below is a short synopsis of discus throw ( shown green. Throwing hand as far away as possible throughout the throw the other phases, whereas non-repetitive skills! Hip rotator muscles assist in forcefully rotating the body that his theory is applicable to other may., deceleration and ; follow through phase throw movements to allow for a spin. Discus by placing your hand palm-down onto it and wrapping your fingers loosely around it throws various! To establish a rhythm to start the throw is the oldest disciplines and can be practiced by both and.

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