animal experimentation articles

Animal protection groups support grant to fast-track non-animal approaches for COVID-19 vaccine research “We have great faith in the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing as a source of funding for research with the potential to spare humans, as well as animals … Unfortunately for many of the animals subjected to testing, the … In 2015, two animal rights activists, Kevin Johnson and Tyler Lang, challenged the constitutionality of the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act after they were charged with violating the act for vandalizing a mink farm and setting hundreds of animals free. Technology instead of animal testing. More than 50 years ago, British scientists came up with the principle of the 3Rs — replacement, refinement, … The total includes only animals protected by the AWA and omits amphibians, birds, fish, mice, rats, and reptiles, all of which account for the majority of animals used in scientific studies. Class A dealers breed and raise their animals in a closed, regulated environment. Technological advances have enabled scientists to perform many experiments without using live animals. The use of animals in experiments at leading federally-funded labs has increased nearly 73 percent in the past 15 years, according to a new study conducted by People for the … The term vivisection, however, is typically used by opponents of animal experimentation and avoided by scientists. The provision would have banned research facilities from using any dog or cat that was not obtained from a legal source. Critics of in vitro methods argue that operating on a live animal provides more accurate data because the effects on the entire organism can be observed. Research methods that substitute computer models for live animals are referred to as in silico experiments. Pain, Suffering, and Death: Most companies claim that no animals were hurt during animal experimentation, but there nonetheless exists a shadow of doubt. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2019. However, there are particular things that make these animal experimentation processes unfavorable for some animal … Animal Testing and Medicine. From: Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), 2015. Animal experimentation. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), for example, sent several nonhuman primates into space before sending human astronaut Alan Shepard in 1961. A review of 101 high impact basic science discoveries based on animal experiments found that only 5% resulted in approved treatments within 20 years. Many NIH chimpanzees have since been moved to federal sanctuaries. many different definitions depending on the source or the person you ask In the following viewpoint, Wesley J. Smith argues that research on animals has been indispensable in developing ways to treat human disease. US schools began incorporating dissection into biology instruction in the 1920s, with the practice becoming widespread by the 1960s. The Times Editorial Board determines the perspectives and positions of the news organization. The animals kill off around one-quarter of the neurons in their somatosensory cortex, perhaps to save energy, and the cells appear to … “I am confident that the next 50 years will see wonderful progress in treatments for these terrible disorders and primate research will be central to this effort.”. In many in vitro experiments, human cells and tissues can be used. Animals have been used as test subjects for medical experiments and other scientific investigations for hundreds of years. No one likes the idea of experimenting on animals, he says, and efforts are being made to reduce it to a minimum; however, there is no other way to do the necessary research and check the safety of new drugs. Shocking footage shows conditions ‘clearly breach’ EU standards on animal welfare, say campaigners, Study suggests climax may be an evolutionary hangover – but crucial questions remain, Researchers reprogrammed human cells before injecting them in the monkey embryo, Male animal bias is unjustified and can lead to drugs that work less well for women, South Korea and US teams say infertility could be linked to deficiency of a protein in womb, But animal rights groups say more should be done to reduce those bred with genetic alterations, The brains, which are not conscious, are kept alive through the circulation of an oxygen-rich fluid through the organs, Campaigners are hoping to build a monument of Félicette, the only cat to survive space travel. Other people identify certain practices used in animal studies as cruel while still recognizing the benefits of using live animals when no alternative is available. Scientists also use animal experiments to test new treatments for human and animal … In the late 1970s, radical animal rights groups began targeting companies and research facilities, using terrorist strategies to disrupt these industries and promote their extremist platform. They generally use this claim as the cornerstone of an argument that the benefits to humans from animal experimentation outweigh or “make up for” the harm done to animals. The complete lack of environmental en… The authors argue that advances in technology and a new willingness among companies to cooperate with one another have eliminated the need to test products on animals to ensure they are safe for humans to use. "Animal Experimentation." Medical treatments have to be tested on living organisms; if not on animals, then on humans, which in Smith's opinion would be an atrocity. The bodies and behaviors of critters offer insight into our changing planet and humanity. Smith is a senior fellow for the Discovery Institute's program on human exceptionalism. The USDA excuses some breeders and dealers from licensing because of the type, amount, or intended use of the animals. In the opinion of the AAVS, animals are used in medical research more from tradition than from evidence of scientific value. Using animals in research and to test the safety of products has been a topic of heated debate for decades. Many laboratories worked with chimpanzees throughout the twentieth century. Watch video 04:36. Animal experimentation is done to clarify previously unknown life processes and fundamental biologica… Examples of animal experimentation include product testing, use of animals as research … Some animals … Three baboons escaped while being transported to a hospital where one was due to have a vasectomy. Current bills in Congress would apply similar provisions to all federal agencies. Animals also suffer and die in classroom biology experiments … Some cosmetic manufacturers, including Procter and Gamble and Unilever, have called on the industry to adopt a global ban on testing. In 2019 the efforts of animal rights activists led high-profile companies in other fields, such as food-manufacturers Kellogg Company and Hershey Company, to affirm their opposition to animal testing and end their involvement in such experimentation. If you avoid meat, dairy and animal derivatives such as wool and leather, why would you want to tolerate animal cruelty in the products you put on your face? Studies using animals have also led to the development of new surgical techniques and medical devices. While acknowledging the advances brought by animal experimentation, many people object to the use of animals in scientific studies because the animals are denied their freedom and often suffer serious injury and discomfort. However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled that the law was constitutional in November 2017. Critics of these laws note that both bills received support from biomedical and agri-business lobbying groups. Likewise, a provision to the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 prevents the USDA from using any funds appropriated by the act to provide or renew licenses for Class B dealers. Extremist groups have engaged in criminal activity to prevent animals from being used in experiments. Actions by members of radical groups such as the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) caused millions of dollars of damage to industries. The pursuit of alternatives has largely centered on concepts first introduced in 1959 by British zoologists W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The first step in making that argument is to show that humans are more important than animals. Congress has enacted several pieces of legislation to regulate animal experimentation and prevent animal abuse, including the Animal Welfare Act (AWA), first passed as the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act in 1966, and the Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act (ISLAA), passed as part of the Food Security Act of 1985. OOCs are approximately the size of a deck of playing cards and have been developed to imitate lungs, hearts, kidneys, skin, eyes, and entire organ systems. Alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome some of the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. The other reported test subjects include nonhuman primates, dogs, pigs, cats, and sheep. But she’s not the only creature deserving of commemoration. Educators also reported using these alternatives alongside traditional hands-on dissection. As a researcher himself, Baker maintains that the primates he used in his experiments willingly cooperated and did not exhibit any signs of stress. Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked inside barren cages in laboratories across the country. Many of the responding teachers, however, reported that their schools were shifting away from dissection and pursuing alternatives, such as virtual dissection programs, 3-D models, and videos, largely in response to student requests. At Stanford, we emphasize that the humane care of laboratory animals is essential, both ethically and scientifically. In response, proponents note that humans are not the only beneficiaries of this type of research. “There was a time when dosing and contaminating animals with often toxic levels of chemicals was horrible for them but imperative for human health and safety.”. If you are located in the USA or Canada please visit the Gale North American site. In the following viewpoint, Baker argues that the expanded use of primates and other animals in experiments is necessary to find a cure to challenging diseases like neurological disorders among the elderly. This paper aims to address risks, biases, and fallacies associated with drawing conclusions when conducting experiments on animals, with focus on animal models of mental illness. But Dr. Woodruff, who worked at the E.P.A. They suggested that experimentation should replace animal subjects with something else, such as non-sentient material or less sentient animals; reduce the number of animal subjects used experimentally while increasing the amount of data obtained; and refine living conditions and experimental procedures for animal subjects to reduce pain and discomfort. 'It takes a toll': researchers struggle with lockdown cull of lab mice, Sydney baboon escape: the questions that remain, 'Barbaric' tests on monkeys lead to calls for closure of German lab, Rabbits may hold key to solving mystery of human female orgasm, First human-monkey chimera raises concern among scientists, Seven baby monkeys died from poisoning at US research center, Scientists split as genetics lab scales down animal tests, Use of male mice skews drug research against women, study finds, Endometriosis study 'sheds light on links to infertility' say scientists, Scientific procedures involving animals at lowest level since 2010, Scientists 'keep pigs' brains alive without a body for up to 36 hours', Neuroscientist Gregory Berns: ‘Studying dogs is way more enjoyable than studying humans’, Why science is being more open about animals in research. An article in the November 29, 1965 issue of Sports Illustrated about Pepper, a farmer’s pet Dalmation that was kidnapped and sold into experimentation, is believed to have … Both of them make up 43% of the total expenditure for medical research. Stuart Baker is a professor of movement neuroscience at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. From Félicette the space cat to Dolly the sheep – which animals should be given a statue? In 2017 Representative Martha McSally (R-AZ) introduced the Humane Cosmetics Act, which aims to phase out the use of animal testing in the cosmetics industry in the US House of Representatives. "Experimenting with animals before testing on people is a crucial human rights protection required by the famous Nuremberg Code.". Animal Experimentation. Read the overview below to gain a balanced understanding of the issue and explore the previews of opinion articles that highlight many perspectives on animal testing. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters account for more than half of the animals in the totals reported by the USDA. They languish in pain, suffer from extreme frustration, ache with loneliness, and long to be free. Despite efforts to reduce the number of animals used in scientific studies and minimize the pain and distress that animal subjects experience, some animal rights activists believe that the benefits of animal experimentation do not justify the cruelties involved. Proponents argue that this method produces data that is more relevant to human safety. Several private companies have voluntarily agreed not to test their products on animals. The Institute of Medicine deemed the use of chimpanzees in scientific research unnecessary in a 2011 report commissioned by the NIH. This report was followed by a proposal by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to include captive chimpanzees, such as those used in research facilities, on the list of animals protected by the Endangered Species Act; chimpanzees in the wild had already been protected by the act since 1990. A 2014 survey conducted by the National Association of Biology Teachers found that 84 percent of biology teachers and 76 percent of biology students were using dissection in the classroom. For the author, the use of animals in scientific pursuits is essential for alleviating suffering among human beings. Many of these experiments cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life … Some critics have questioned the need for the Pet Safety and Protection Act, noting that cats and dogs make up only a small portion of the animals used in experiments. Find science articles about animals from Popular Science. Written by a cardiologist, this article provides a brief overview … However, scientists have chosen not to resettle many older research chimpanzees in sanctuaries because of concerns the move would worsen their health. See More Articles >>. Related terms: Animal Welfare; Animal Research Animal models of human behavioural deficits involve conducting experiments on animals with the hope of gaining new knowledge that can be applied to humans. There are many opinions about the pros and cons of using animals in scientific research. In the following viewpoint, the American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) declares that experimentation on animals is not a valid means of testing treatments for human disease. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. The NIH established the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) in 2000 as part of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) to promote and regulate alternatives to animal testing. In 2009, for example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) approved two alternatives to the Draize test, a research method that involves applying chemicals directly to the eyes or skin of animals, typically rabbits. Laboratories obtain animals for their experiments through three types of dealers: those licensed by the USDA as Class A dealers, those licensed as Class B dealers, or those not licensed at all. Of the animals monitored by the USDA, the most commonly used is the guinea pig, which has been widely used for experimentation since the late 1800s, leading it to become synonymous with a subject of any experiment. AAALAC International, formerly known as the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, distributes up to four $5,000 prizes each year to researchers that make significant contributions to improving the nature of animal research. Researchers using animal … Scientists in certain fields have favored using nonhuman primates in experiments because they closely resemble humans in physiology. In 2013 the NIH announced its intentions to stop providing funding or granting research requests for experiments involving chimpanzees, and the USFWS proposal was finalized in 2015. Other articles where Animal experimentation is discussed: animal disease: Animals in research: the biomedical model: …more than 1,200,000 species of animals thus far identified, only a few have been utilized in research, even though it is likely that, for every known human disease, an identical or similar disease exists in at least one other animal … In addition to government programs, animal rights advocacy groups, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), also contribute funding to develop alternative research methods. According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, food and water deprivation, the infliction of burns and other wounds to study … Below, I will outline one of the more common arguments used to reach this conclusion.… In the early 2000s researchers began developing microdevices referred to as organs-on-a-chip (OOCs), which use cell cultures to imitate a human organ and determine how that organ would respond to different chemicals and other stimuli. Revisions to the law, the authors maintain, will encourage companies to employ alternative methods for gathering data and work with other companies to reduce instances of duplicated experiments. Animal experimentation, also called animal testing, has contributed to many important scientific and medical discoveries. Animal rights advocates and members of the scientific community have pushed for the use of alternatives to animal experimentation. Scientists use animals for testing the safety of products, known as toxicology testing, and for evaluating the effects of biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons. Russell and Burch framed their proposal around three Rs. He also consults with the Patients Rights Council and the Center for Bioethics and Culture. Many people have questions about animal testing ethics and the animal testing debate. Nonhuman animals are used in laboratories for a number of purposes. Class B dealers often acquire animals from animal shelters and then sell them to research facilities. All rights reserved. Despite the amendment repeatedly failing to become law, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopted rules in 2012 and 2014 that ended NIH funding for research involving cats and dogs from Class B or unlicensed dealers. Baker refutes the argument of critics that animals used in research are subjected to extreme suffering and contends that researchers follow state-of-the-art surgical procedures commonly used on humans. These activists call for an end to all animal testing. Animal behaviorists, noting the chimpanzee's intelligence and capacity for emotion, raised concerns that the use of chimpanzees in experiments amounted to torture. Animal experimentation has generated heated discussions among scientists, philosophers, and politicians. from 1994 to 2007, said only animal testing — a process honed over decades — was robust enough to gauge chemicals’ impacts on … You appear to be visiting us from Netherlands.Please head to Gale International site if you are located outside of North America. In 2018 Representative Mike Bishop (R-MI) and Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR) introduced the Kittens in Traumatic Testing Ends Now (KITTEN) Act, which would ban the use of cats in any painful or stressful experiment, to their respective chambers of Congress. Many experiments are carried out to further veterinary treatments and services, improve environmental protection efforts, and better understand diseases that affect nonhuman animals and plants. Breakthroughs include the development of many antibiotics, insulin therapy, modern anesthesia, vaccines for whooping cough and other diseases, the use of lithium in mental health treatments, and the discovery of hormones. The AAVS is a nonprofit animal advocacy organization dedicated to ending experimentation on animals in research, testing, and education. Where did they come from, and what kind of research is performed on them? Poor animal … Animal experimentation refers to the scientific study of animals, usually in a laboratory, for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems. Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. This issue is very controversial, since it involves ethical questions. Many Animals Not Protected. Why vegan makeup is on the rise, First human-pig 'chimera' created in milestone study, Contrary to emotive reporting, scientists testing on greyhounds are not Dr Frankensteins, Brain experiments on primates are crucial, say eminent scientists, Primate research is crucial if we are to find cures for diseases like Parkinson's, Australian university defends using greyhounds for heart transplant study, About 205 results for Animal experimentation. 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