operation torch date

Operation Torch was the American and British invasion of French North Africa in November 1942. Also, the American and British work together on a military operation for the first time. Giraud then made his way to southern France, and just days before the Allied attack was to begin, he, his family, and his staff were extracted by submarine in an Anglo-American mission dubbed Operation Kingpin. Vichy France Nazi Germany. The combined operation in North Africa was dubbed Operation Torch, and it was agreed that the supreme command of the invasion should be given to an American. En échange de sa coopération, Darlan put rester pour un temps à la tête de l'administration française quand les forces françaises nord-africaines rejoignirent les Alliés, ce qui indigna Charles de Gaulle et d'autres membres de la France libre . Operation Torch (8-11 November 1942) was the Allied invasion of Vichy occupied North Africa, and was the first significant land operation carried out by American troops in the war against Germany. Stiff French resistance then caused significant losses at several of the Moroccan assault points before the Western Task Force achieved its landing objectives. Operation Torch - WW2 Timeline (November 8th - 10th, 1942) North Africa seemed a good a place as any to start the Allied march on Rome, Berlin, and - ultimately - Tokyo. Remembering Operation Torch: Allied Forces Land in North Africa during World War II Wednesday, November 08, 2017 In early November 1942 the United States had been at war against the Axis for almost a year, but had yet to come to grips with German or Italian ground forces. They were transported directly from the United States. Urged by General Mark Clark, Eisenhower's deputy, Admiral Jean Francois Darlan, Vichy High Commissioner for North Africa, and General Juin also ordered French forces to cease armed resistance in Oran and Morocco on November 10–11. French Moroccoball and French Algeriaball. Anglo-American occupation of Morocco and Algeria. Groundwork laid for plans of infiltration and implanting native with positive relation with AFK. The Allies planned to capture the key ports from Morocco to Algeria simultaneously, targeting Casablanca, Oran and Algiers. View the list of all donors. Franklin D. Roosevelt downward, readily accepted Mast’s recommendation that Gen. Henri Giraud was the best candidate for leadership of the French in North Africa. The capture of Oran was entrusted to the Centre Task Force, which consisted of 39,000 U.S. troops under Maj. Gen. Lloyd R. Fredendall but was escorted by a British naval force. In reality, the 503rd contained only one battalion and was sometimes referred to as the 503rd Parachute Infantry Battalion. He relied particularly on Gen. Charles Mast, commander of the troops in the Algiers sector, and on Gen. Antoine Émile Béthouart, commander of the Casablanca sector. Territorial changes. The great partnership was under way on the rocky road to total victory in 1945. Operation Marne Torch refers to two operations launched by Coalition forces in 2007 against al-Qaeda in Iraq in the Arab Jabour area of Babil province. Juin had privately expressed a favourable inclination but then demonstrated a reluctance to take the initiative. The British, however, favoured an invasion of North Africa (Operations Gymnast and Super-Gymnast) that would secure the Mediterranean theatre once and for all. U.S. Gen. George Patton standing to the side of an M2 medium tank in Tunisia, 1942. In their boldest move yet, the Allies planned out the invasion of North Africa through Operation Torch. We would like to thank The Crown and Goodman Family and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing Operation Torch - the Invasion of N orth A frica. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. Operation Torch thus provided Roosevelt with uneven results. Aircraft on Ranger's deck during Operation Torch In November 1942, 107,305 American servicemen crossed the Atlantic to invade occupied North Africa. Nov 8, 1942. The U.S. chiefs of staff were anxious to confine the landings to the Casablanca area in the west, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, because they feared not only opposition from Vichy French forces in the area but also a hostile reaction from Francisco Franco’s Spain and a German counterstroke against Gibraltar. It resulted from an uneasy compromise between the Western Allies, and was intended to relieve pressure on the Soviet Union by imperiling Axis forces in the region and by enabling an invasion of Southern … Operation Torch was the Anglo-American invasion of French Morocco and Algeria during the North African Campaign of World War II. November 8-16, 1942. But there were notable successes as well. The combined operation in North Africa was dubbed Operation Torch, and it was agreed that the supreme command of the invasion should be given to an American. Torch was an American led operation under Eisenhower with substantial UK support. These are some of the vehicles of Operation Torch. The Central Task Force, aimed at Oran, comp… This would prove wrong. It was a deceptive name, designed to make it seem that America had more paratroopers than it did. On November 10, the Allied troops readied to assault Casablanca. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Washington, DC 20024-2126 In all, the four flattops embarked 109 Grumman F4F-4 fighters with sixty-two Douglas SBD-3 and Grumman TBF-1 bombers. A part of the high-level planning conducted by the American and British governments called for the formation of a military ring around Germany to be tightened as the war progressed. Details of the USS Ranger's participation in the North African campaign called "OPERATION TORCH" are contained in the excellent history of the USS Ranger compiled by Robert J. Cressman for the Spring and Summer issues of The Hook: Journal of Carrier Aviation. T… Torch was to be primarily an American operation, with the significant British role downplayed because of lingering animosity following the Royal Navy’s bombardment of the French Mediterranean Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir on July 3, 1940, to prevent it from falling into German hands. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 The occupation of French North Africa was seen as a first step in that process. L'Opération Torch a un héritage politique mitigé. Clark told Mast that a large U.S. force was being prepared for dispatch to North Africa and that it would be supported by British air and sea forces, but he abstained, in the interests of security, from giving Mast a clear idea of the time and places of the landings. On the other hand, the Eastern Task Force was aided by a successful coup by the French resistance in Algiers, which neutralized the French XIX Corps before the Allied landings there. At Oran, the Center Task Force also encountered stubborn French resistance before Oran’s surrender on November 9. The Clark-Mast conference also considered the matter of the most-suitable French leader to rally the French forces in North Africa to the Allied side. Operation Torch introduced the Americans to the swings and roundabouts of land combat against the Axis Powers and showed up some of the military inconsistencies of their allies – the British. World War II: Egypt and Cyrenaica, 1940–summer 1941. Allied troops quickly pushed inland, and General Juin surrendered the city in the early evening of November 9. Part of . Torch troops hit the beaches near Algiers. The operation also led to various unforeseen military consequences. 1940s Birth of an Army by A B Austin WWII Vintage Military Ephemera Map of Tunisia Tunisia Campaign It began on November 8 and concluded on November 16, 1942. Giraud had been captured by the Germans in May 1940, but the 63-year-old officer had staged a daring escape from imprisonment at Königstein Fortress in April 1942. On July 26, 1942, Maj. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, whom U.S. Army chief of staff Gen. George C. Marshall had chosen as commander of the U.S. forces in the European theatre, was given the post. The invasion forces had to overcome French opposition in territories controlled by the Vichy Regime under Marshall Philippe Pétain. For the operation against Algiers, the Eastern Naval Task Force was entirely British, but the Assault Force consisted of 23,000 British and 10,000 American troops under the command of U.S. Maj. Gen. Charles Ryder. Attempts to confuse the Axis with names went further. His government had some 125,000 soldiers stationed in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, as well as powerful coastal artillery, numerous tanks, aircraft, and warships. …decided to strike first in North Africa. Operative Date: 20SEP20/1500 Public Release . Francois Darlan † Ernst Kals. Operation Torch marked the largest American campaign to date in the Atlantic theater, and the first major operation carried out jointly and combined by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II. That excess of secrecy deprived Mast and his associates of the information necessary to plan, and to take, cooperative steps. Operation Torch launched The Western, Eastern, and Central task forces approach North Africa. In the final plan, the Atlantic coast landing to capture Casablanca was to be made by the all-American Western Task Force under Maj. Gen. George S. Patton, with 35,000 troops carried by a U.S. Navy task force sailing directly from the U.S. It began on November 8 and concluded on November 16, 1942. On December 7, 1940, some 30,000 men, under Major General Richard Nugent O’Connor, advanced westward,... Allied troops landing on a beach near Algiers during Operation Torch, November 8, 1942. July 28, 2020 Mack Dean 41722 views. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. On the night of November 8, after undetected crossings from the United States and the United Kingdom, a great Anglo-American fleet consisting of 350 warships and 500 transports carrying some 107,000 troops assembled off the coast of French North Africa. See more ideas about north africa, north african campaign, world war. Operation Torch has a mixed political legacy. Ranger Air Group Over Casablanca --OPERATION TORCH. Security detail organised personally by Chemist. The Western Task Force (aimed at Casablanca) comprised all-American units, with Major-General George Patton in command and Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt heading the naval operations. Lessons learned in North Africa would shape Anglo-American decision making and facilitate successful invasions in the European theater throughout the rest of the war. The Allied reached out to sympathetic member… On November 7, Vichy forces thwarted an attempted coup d’etat by pro-Allied General Antoine Béthouart against the French command in Morocco. Operation Torch was set between intelligence operative Yarsby and Chemist.Collaboration with recently liberated Yuan-ti led to the creation of espionage operative Mortez. Free France control of French West Africaball. Mast (whose involvement had been secured as part of a mission dubbed Operation Flagpole) suggested that a senior Allied military representative should come secretly to Algiers for backstage talks and discussion of plans with the French commander in chief in Algeria, Gen. Alphonse Juin. Eisenhower in particular benefited from the experience of leading a combined force of Britis… To move past the struggle associated with GYMNAST, the operation was rechristened TORCH. Conversely, the invasion also failed to draw away large numbers of Germans from the Eastern Front, a key strategic rationale given for the operation. Robert Murphy, the chief U.S. diplomatic representative in North Africa, prepared the way for the landings by discreetly eliciting support from French officers whom he felt were likely to sympathize with the project. Operation Torch Conflict: World War II: Date: 8-16 November 1942 Place: Morocco and Algeria: Outcome: Allied victory Combatants United States United Kingdom Free French. Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942) was an Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa during the Second World War.The French colonies in the area were dominated by the Vichy French, formally aligned with Germany but of mixed loyalties.Reports indicated that they might support the Allies. Strike The Battle of Port Lyautey began on 8 November 1942 for the city of Port Lyautey, today known as Kenitra, in French Morocco. Allied victory. Result. The North African campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. The Allies land in Vichy controlled North Africa To take control faster, the Allies invade in three different places to speed up the Operation. Operation Torch was the Anglo-American invasion of French Morocco and Algeria during the North African Campaign of World War II. The primary objective was to secure bridgeheads for opening a second front to the rear of German and Italian forces battling the British in Libya and Egypt. The British chiefs of staff, spurred by Churchill, had proposed October 7, 1942, as the target date for the operation, but U.S. planners recommended November 7 as “the earliest reasonable date for landing of the forces based on availability of combat loaders.” On the question of the landing site, the respective views were even wider apart: the British urged that the landings should be made in North Africa, on the Mediterranean coast, so that a quick advance to Tunisia would be possible. The Soviet Union had been demanding the Allies to open a new front against the Germans. It resulted from an uneasy compromise between the Western Allies, and was intended to relieve pressure on the Soviet Union by imperiling Axis forces in the region and by enabling an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. Egypt and Cyrenaica (June 1940–June 1941), Egypt and Libya (Autumn 1941–January 1943), The final Allied assault and the German collapse. Colonel Edson D. Raff was in command. The Allied planned to send 120,000 men, 500 aircrafts, and several warships to Morocco and Algeria. Operation Torch was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War which started on 8 November 1942. The military end state for Operation TORCH is defined by the annihilation of Axis forces in North Africa and the total control of the Suez Canal and Persian Gulf oil. Location. work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. The troops used in the attack were the 2nd Battalion of the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment. The United States got the quick, painless action that Roosevelt believed necessary to slowly lead the American public … It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch), as well as Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).. Eisenhower and his staff, however, were inclined to agree with the British view, and his first outline plan, formulated on August 9, 1942, was devised as a compromise: it proposed simultaneous landings inside and outside the Mediterranean but only as far east as Algiers. This campaign is named after Operation Torch, the joint US/British invasion of French North Africa in 1942, presumably because of the two operations' similar thrust into the enemies' southern underbellies. Their success depended in large part on the military vehicles available to them. The Anglo-U.S. invasion of northwest Africa had its origins at the Arcadia Conference in Washington, D.C., in the winter of 1941–42 and at meetings in London the following July. Operation Torch. 1. Upon learning of Darlan’s deal with the Allies, Adolf Hitler ordered the occupation of Vichy France and started building up Axis forces in Tunisia, where they would later clash with British troops. The Allied forces hoped that the French in North Africa would not engage them in a war because they had fought on the same side in previous wars. Tunis did not fall quickly to British and American forces. Operation Torch. After a brief naval engagement, the French surrendered the city before an all-out attack was launched. At the Torch landings, the 503rd were renamed as the 509th, still a regiment only one battalion strong. This ambitious timeline gave the American and British militaries just two months to prepare for their first major offensive against the German army. In those circumstances the Americans, from Pres. Operation Torch was an invasion strategy by Allied forces into North Africa that took place Nov. 8 to 10, 1942, during World War II (1939 to 1945). However, the British feared the resentment of the French after they had inflicted massive damages on the French navy in Mers el Kebir in 1940. Nov 14, 2014 - Images from Operation Torch. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa during the North African Campaign of the Second World War which started on 8 November 1942.. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Mediterranean Front, World War II. It provided Allied staff officers and senior military leaders the opportunity to work together in evolving common practices, and even a common language for military operations. Date. In return for his cooperation, Darlan temporarily remained head of the French administration as the French forces in North Africa joined the Allies, deeply offending Charles de Gaulle and other members of Free France. American and British forces had finally seized the offensive after three years of German and Italian forces dictating the tempo of events. François Darlan, commander in chief of all Vichy forces, had hinted to Murphy that he might be willing to bring the French over to the Allied side if he could be assured of U.S. military aid on a sufficiently large scale, but his longtime association with the collaborationist government did not inspire confidence. The first operation, Marne Torch I, began on 16 June … One of the major unexpected benefits from Torch was the fact that military operations in the Mediterranean from November 1942 to the fall of 1943 allowed the British and Americans to establish an effective combined, joint high command. Owing to a number of factors—notably the American decision to contest the Japanese occupation of Guadalcanal in the southern Solomon Islands—the British eventually prevailed. The following morning, the Allied assault commenced as three task forces sought to seize key ports and airports at Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers before advancing eastwards into Tunisia. Operation Torch was the invasion of west North Africa to prevent the Germans taking control of the territories occupied by the French, then under the control of the Vichy French Government. On July 26, 1942, Maj. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower , whom U.S. Army chief of staff Gen. George C. Marshall had chosen as commander of the U.S. forces in the European theatre, was given the post. Operation Torch landed on the shores of French Morocco on November 8, 1942, with Ranger (CV-4), Suwanee (ACV-27), Sangamon (ACV26), and Santee (ACV-29) supporting U.S. forces north and south of Casablanca. It consisted of the 2nd Armored Division, and the 3rd and 9th Divisions - 35000 troops in all. Commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the operation was designed as a pincer movement with American landings at Morocco’s Atlantic coast and Anglo-American landings on Algeria’s Mediterranean coast. Under pressure from Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to open a second front, the Western Allies debated how they might best engage Germany. The battle ended with its capture and occupation by American troops, overrunning French forces after more than two days of fierce fighting. This was to lighten the offensive by the German troops on the Eastern Front against the Russians. Casualties were held to a minimum—about 500 Allied soldiers were killed, another 700 were injured. Charles de Gaulle was ruled out for the opposite reason—his defiance of Vichy leader Philippe Pétain in 1940 and his subsequent role in actions against Vichy forces in French West Africa, Syria, and Madagascar would make all French officers who had remained loyal to the Vichy government unwilling to accept his leadership. Operation Torch. The Soviet Union had pressed the United States and United Kingdom to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops. American strategists advocated the Bolero Plan, a build-up of forces in Great Britain in advance of an assault on the European continent in 1942 (Operation Sledgehammer) or 1943 (Operation Roundup). Optimistic British intelligence suggested that the French would offer minimal resistance. Commanders George S. Patton Lloyd Fredenhall Kenneth Anderson. 8th to 12th Nov ember 1942. Operation Torch - the Invasion of North Africa - 8th to 12th November 1942 OPERATION TORCH - THE INVASION OF NORTH AFRICA, NOV 1942. Operation Torch was the name of the Allied invasion of northwest Africa in the hopes and goal of removing the Axis presence on the continent. Accordingly, U.S. Army Gen. Mark Clark flew to Gibraltar with four key staff officers, and the party was carried by submarine to a rendezvous at a coastal villa some 60 miles (100 km) west of Algiers. At Roosevelt’s urging, Marshall set the target invasion date for Sept. 30. 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